Which type of value refers to the benefits provided by species that contribute to economic gain?

The concept of instrumental value is central to understanding the economic benefits provided by species in ecological systems. Instrumental value refers to the usefulness of a species or ecosystem in fulfilling human needs and enhancing human welfare. This includes resources such as food, medicine, and raw materials that directly contribute to economic gain. For example, many plants are harvested for their nutritional value or pharmaceutical properties, while animals may be exploited for their meat or by-products. The benefits of biodiversity in terms of ecosystem services—like pollination, water purification, and carbon sequestration—also illustrate its instrumental value, as these services can lead to substantial economic advantages.

Intrinsic value, on the other hand, pertains to the inherent worth of a species or ecosystem, irrespective of any economic benefit to humans. Biological value typically refers to the functional roles that species play within ecosystems, while cultural value highlights the significance of species in cultural, historical, or spiritual contexts. These other types of value do not directly address the economic role species play in human society.