Which atmospheric components are primarily reduced in order to effectively lower tropospheric ozone formation?

To effectively lower tropospheric ozone formation, reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is crucial. Tropospheric ozone is not directly emitted; instead, it forms through chemical reactions in the atmosphere, particularly in the presence of sunlight. The precursors for this formation are NOx and VOCs.

Nitrogen oxides arise from combustion processes, such as those in vehicles and power plants, while VOCs are emitted from various sources, including fuel evaporation and industrial processes. When NOx and VOCs are present in the atmosphere, they interact in the presence of sunlight to produce ozone. By reducing emissions of these two components, the chemical reactions that lead to ozone formation are hindered, effectively decreasing tropospheric ozone levels.

This approach aligns with air quality management strategies that emphasize controlling emissions of both NOx and VOCs to meet air quality standards and reduce smog, which is often a significant problem in urban areas.