What phenomenon can worsen air quality due to a lack of air circulation?

A temperature inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of warm air traps cooler air underneath it, which can significantly hinder the vertical movement of air. Under normal circumstances, warmer air rises, and as it does, it allows for the mixing of the atmosphere, helping to disperse pollutants. However, during a temperature inversion, this natural circulation is suppressed. As a result, pollutants emitted from vehicles, industries, and other sources accumulate in the cooler air near the surface, leading to degraded air quality.

In contrast, phenomena such as a heat wave or windstorm do not create the same conditions that trap pollutants. A heat wave might increase energy demand and lead to more emissions, but it generally does not prevent air circulation. A windstorm typically facilitates mixing and can help disperse air pollutants. A cold front can also bring changes in air pressure and temperature, often resulting in a turbulent atmosphere that helps to improve air quality rather than worsening it. Thus, a temperature inversion directly contributes to poor air quality due to stagnant conditions.